Operant conditioning. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. PSYCH205-FinalExam-Answers There are two main ways they can present themselves. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? 129. Modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. Communication in the Nervous System. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. Dont worry. 77. b. irrational thoughts contribute to ones feelings. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. Also of importance to the neuron is the myelin sheath or the white, fatty covering which: 1) provides insulation so that signals from adjacent neurons do not affect one another and, 2) increases the speed at which signals are transmitted. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. d. behavioral. b. map, or sequence, genes. b. good long-term prognoses. The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model. 113. Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. Biological theorists view abnormal behavior as a(n): a. illness. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. b. change behaviors that are damaging to the relationship. d. libido. Finally, the individual either imagines (systematic) or experiences in real life (in-vivo) each object or scenario from the hierarchy and uses the relaxation technique while doing so. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. d. cognitive-behavioral. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. 90. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. 32. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. d. self-help therapy. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? c. denial. d. damage control. Identify and define important neurotransmitters. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. In this case, extinction continues. d. A girl is anxious about giving a speech in front of her class. PSY 381 Chapter 2 Flashcards | Quizlet Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? b. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. 47. The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. Consider a rat trained to push a lever to receive a food pellet. Outline the structure of personality and how it develops over time. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. a. Dysfunction b. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. Nikolais grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. c. who believe in a higher being are the healthiest. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. b. modeling. What if? The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? First, the response is made, and nothing happens. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. PSYC 203 Chapter 2: Models of Abnormality, Week 12: CNS Drugs Neurodegenerative, Neurolo, Week 11: PNS Drugs (Cholinergic, Adrenergic). b. a distorted view of the self. Maladaptive cognitions. c. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. 2.3.3.6. Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, "I can't do this! The development of personality. 30. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. Another example is how a baby will root for a food source if the mothers breast is placed near their mouth. c. role-playing. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending? The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. Don't worry. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. BIO 205 Flashcards | Quizlet c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. We describe these as primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. The strategies arise from all three learning models. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. Some are naturally occurring, while others need to be learned. 37. 2.3.2.4. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Check out Figure 2.10 to see if you do. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. b. secondary prevention. Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. b. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? ABNORMAL CHAPTER 3 - Subjecto.com According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. a. behavior-focused 40. According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. E. Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false? Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. c. paradigms. What is this therapy? In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. c. deep brain stimulation. Does extinction happen as soon as the anticipated reinforcer is removed? Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. Conditioning. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. c. superego. Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. b. Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. d. psychophysical. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. d. Freud. Evaluating the behavioral model. A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. Its popularity has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. 2.2.2. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. 83. Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. Genetic issues and explanations. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? Try figuring out if you genuinely do not have time to go to the gym by recording what you do each day and then look at open times of the day. Preconditioning. d. classical conditioning. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? 2.3.1.1. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. b. Rogers. You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? Rogers did try to investigate his propositions scientifically, but most other humanistic-existential psychologists rejected the use of the scientific method. 163. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors.

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